2026-06-29T06:06:29Z http://oai-pmh.copernicus.org/oai.php
oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc129505 2026-06-17 tc
Bradley, Alexander T. Bett, David T. Williams, C. Rosie Arthern, Robert J. Holland, Paul R. Byrne, James Edwards, Tamsin L. Adhikari, Mira The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) has undergone rapid change over the satellite era, characterized by significant thinning, grounding-line retreat, and mass loss. More than a third of the ice loss from this region is from Pine Island Glacier (PIG). However, robust causal links between anthropogenic climate change and PIG ice loss have yet to be established. Here we attempt to quantify the role of anthropogenic climate change in observed retreat of PIG over the 20th century and how this may evolve up to 2200. To do so, we use an ensemble Kalman inversion data assimilation method embedded into an uncertainty quantification framework, called calibrate-emulate-sample (CES). This procedure, which assimilates observations of grounding-line retreat and ice volume, yields observationally constrained probability distributions of both model and climate forcing parameters. Our analysis suggests that it is unlikely that the extent of 20th century PIG retreat would have taken place without anthropogenically driven trends in ice-sheet forcing and that anthropogenic forcing exacerbated the extent of PIG retreat over the 20th century, by approximately 18 %. These results are, importantly, conditional on our choice of initial state. For our chosen initial state, we find that the parameter combinations compatible with these observational constraints require PIG to lose mass (but not experience grounding-line retreat) over the entire simulated period since 1750, not just after the 1940s when grounding-line retreat was initiated. This preconditioned ice mass loss introduces significant uncertainty into our quantification of 20th century forcing contributions. In simulations with no anthropogenic trend in forcing, we still observe significant retreat; this may result either from a larger-than-actual initial state, or may suggest that the earlier ice state preconditioned the industrial era retreat, possibly implicating longer term changes to WAIS in the present retreat.

]]> 2026-06-17 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3443-2026 eISSN: 1994-0424 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc137931 2026-06-26 tc
Barnett, Jamie Holmes, Felicity A. Greenwood, Sarah L. Morlighem, Mathieu Kirchner, Nina Jakobsson, Martin The retreat of Greenlandic glaciers through calving has major implications for the ice sheet's mass balance and future sea-level rise contributions. Despite its importance, the implementation of calving in ice sheet models remains contested, with several calving laws suggested to parametrise this process. While the performance of some of these calving laws has been tested for Antarctic ice shelves and Greenland's grounded outlet glaciers, it is unclear which calving law would best capture the observed behaviour of Greenland's ice shelves. Petermann, Ryder, and Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79N) glaciers terminate as Greenland's three largest ice shelves, accounting for 90 % of the remaining floating ice and buttressing ∼ 15 % of the ice sheet's mass. Here we build on other systematic calving studies by comparing five calving laws at Greenland's three largest ice shelves using the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM). We begin by constraining the performance of each law against observed terminus fluctuations between 2008 and 2024, and continue with projections to 2300 under various climate forcings. When evaluated against observed terminus changes, we recommend the use of a von Mises or Crevasse Depth calving law owing to their consistent performance and similar tuning parameters across the three ice shelves. However, in our extended projection runs, we find that calving parametrisations have little influence on grounding line discharge rates, which are instead driven by the choice of climate forcings. Large ice shelf calving or collapse events are scarce, and only in these rare cases do we find any pronounced increase in ice discharge. Our results indicate either continued buttressing potential from Greenland's ice shelves into the coming centuries or fundamental flaws in the current set of calving laws when calibrated to contemporary ice-shelf behaviour.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3599-2026 eISSN: 1994-0424 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc138779 2026-06-26 tc
Heuzé, Céline Rheinlænder, Jonathan W. Tian, Tian Wong, Carmen Hau Man Winter Arctic polynyas, openings in the pack ice, play a crucial role for the climate from sea ice production to cloud formation and are hotspots for the ecosystem and human activity. Their area has significantly increased since satellite records began. Yet their representation has yet to be evaluated in any generation of global climate models, most likely because their automatic multi-model retrieval is challenging. We here use a newly-developed machine-learning based method and evaluate polynya activity against the satellite-derived one over 1979–2024 in the 18 CMIP6 models with daily sea ice concentration available. We find that models overestimate winter Arctic polynya area but underestimate its frequency, and limit their opening to the seasonally ice-covered regions. Polynya area is increasing in most models, but the bias of these trends are inconsistent. Although the model with the highest resolution has both the highest areas and frequencies, the sea ice model component is a more robust predictor of polynya activity, with most activity in the models whose thermodynamics scheme enhances ice growth/melt. Accordingly, we found more polynyas in the models with a larger seasonal cycle, in particular those with a warmer autumn that would delay ice growth or melt early. Finally, we confirm preliminary findings that polynya activity does not seem to impact the representation of the water column; if anything, we find less-dense water at the bottom of the continental shelf following larger polynya activity. Overall, our results suggest that in the Arctic, CMIP6 models unrealistically open only sensible-heat polynyas.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3643-2026 eISSN: 1994-0424 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:tc139239 2026-06-26 tc
Owczarek, Zofia Kostrzewa, Oskar Piskorski, Wojciech Strzelecki, Mateusz C. As Arctic amplification accelerates glacier retreat, new dynamic landscapes are emerging at the interface of terrestrial and marine systems. This study identifies and analyses a distinct coastal landform: the Paraglacial Moraine Lagoon (PML). Formed by coastal barriers composed of terminal or lateral moraines deposited during the Little Ice Age, PMLs represent a critical yet understudied component of the glacier–climate change feedback system. Using a multi-decadal record (1936–2024) comprising aerial photography, satellite imagery, and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), we quantified the evolution of fourteen PML systems across the Svalbard Archipelago. Our results show that PMLs now occupy over 56 % of Svalbard's total lagoon area (ca. 83 km2), nearly triple the area they occupied in the 1930s. We identify two divergent evolutionary trajectories: (1) an erosional – fragmenting pathway (e.g., Tjuvfjordlaguna), where marine forcing leads to barrier narrowing and inlet expansion, and (2) a stabilizing – isolating pathway (e.g., Femtelaguna), where land-terminating glaciers drive rapid terrestrial sediment infilling and barrier progradation. We argue that PMLs function as essential “paraglacial sinks” trapping glaciogenic sediments and organic matter, thereby creating sheltered biodiversity hubs in otherwise harsh coastal environments. As transient features, the formation and eventual destruction of PMLs serve as a high-resolution proxy for the rapid paraglacial adjustment of polar coastlines.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3619-2026 eISSN: 1994-0424 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:nhess127184 2026-06-26 nhess
Ferrario, Davide Mauro Sanò, Marcello Maraschini, Margherita Critto, Andrea Torresan, Silvia In recent years, interest in data-driven methods, such as machine learning and multivariate statistics for multi-hazard and multi-risk assessment has surged, due to their ability to integrate vast amounts of data in modelling complex non-linear relationships between hazard and risk factors. This review explores data-driven methods in climate multi-hazard and risk assessment, focusing on four themes: (i) data processing and collection; (ii) hazard identification, prediction and analysis; (iii) risk assessment; and (iv) future risk scenarios under climate change. Key findings highlight the extensive use of machine learning to combine Earth observations and climate data for downscaling and land use and land cover characterisation; the application of deep learning for hazard prediction; the use of ensemble methods for risk assessment; and the growing emphasis on explainable AI frameworks. Supervised machine learning approaches trained on historical impact data to project future climate risks have also emerged as a significant research area. Future research in this area should focus on modelling multi-hazard interactions, particularly triggering and cascading effects, integrating dynamic vulnerability and exposure factors, and addressing uncertainties associated with using machine learning for extrapolation. Advancements in Earth observations and textual data integration, alongside the development of open-access disaster catalogues, will also be crucial for improving multi-risk assessments and supporting AI-driven early warning systems tailored to regional needs.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2975-2026 eISSN: 1684-9981 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:ms138878 2026-06-26 ms
Bian, Hui Shang, Hang Li, Zihan Xu, Yifan Du, Peixuan Wang, Mingzhi Liu, Runyang Luo, Ze Compliance control is the key to human–robot physical interaction, which can improve the safety and comfort of robot-assisted rehabilitation. Aiming to address the problems of the large time delay and low compliance of the system caused by the slow speed of motion intention recognition based on the force signal, this paper integrates the force signal and the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal as the input of the elbow–wrist rehabilitation robot, which improves the responsiveness of the system. To further enhance the trajectory-tracking performance of the system, a sliding-mode controller based on the double exponential reaching law (DE-SMC) is designed. Then, the force and sEMG signal fusion experiment and the compliance control experiment were carried out. The former showed that the fused force signal would judge the subject's motion intention 102.5 ms in advance, while the latter confirmed that the compliance control strategy based on the DE-SMC controller effectively improved the compliance of elbow and radioulnar joint movement.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/ms-17-685-2026 eISSN: 2191-916X eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:sd134397 2026-06-26 sd
Fritz, Sherilyn C. Sawakuchi, André O. Noren, Anders Baker, Paul A. Silva, Cleverson Jaramillo, Carlos Almeida, Renato Paes Janikian, Liliane Bezerra, Isaac Salém Barbosa, Marcos Bertassoli, Dailson Blankenship, Rain Chiessi, Cristiano M. Feakins, Sarah J. Garcia, Maria da Glória Gautheron, Cécile Grivna, Brian Hartmann, Gelvam Kunkel, Cindy Marconato, André Martinez, Angela Marulanda, Sebastian G. Mazoca, Carlos Eduardo M. Negri, Francisco R. Parra, Mauricio Piller, Werner E. Pupim, Fabiano N. Salgado, Victor So, Rachel T. Souza, Priscila Emerich Stiles, Elena Strömberg, Caroline A. E. Tsai, Siu Mui Wahnfried, Ingo West, Josh Adaimé, Marc-Élie Afonso, Jhon Akabane, Thomas Kenji Althaus, Camila Eliza D'Apolito, Carlos Araújo, Kleiton R. Azevedo Júnior, Roney da Silva Barcellos, Jessica Bicudo, Tacio Bogota, Giovanni Bookhagen, Bodo Breda, Caio Brito, Alderlene Pimentel Carvajal, Francy Coppi, Daniel Antunes Cruz, Carolina Barbosa Leite Figueiredo, Felipe Torres Freeman, Kate Gomes, Pedro Victor Oliveira Gross, Martin Hartke, Emma Heeschen, Katja Henrichs, William Mozart Henrique, Leonardo Hoorn, Carina Horton, Brian K. Díaz-Jamamillo, Andrés Kamrani-Mehni, Said Leite, Fatima Li, Lin Lucena, Rodrigo Ferreira Milne, Alastair Miranda, Thomás Mota, Marcelo Ochoa, Diana Lima Passos, Vinicius Lopes de Paula, Rafaela Maciel Piispa, Elisa Plata Torres, Angelo Punyasena, Surangi W. Reis, Adriano Domingos Rigsby, Catherine Salazar Rios, Andrés F. Rodrigues, Fernanda Costa Gonçalves Romão, Raquel M. M. Romero, Ingrid C. Sawakuchi, Henrique O. Schnurrenberger, Doug Shannon, Kristina Brady Silva-Caminha, Silane A. F. Sousa, Clauses Tamura, Larissa Natsumi Wiersberg, Thomas Xiang, Helanlin Zamudio, Belén The Trans-Amazon Drilling Project (TADP) is reconstructing the late Cenozoic history of Amazonian geology, climate, rivers, and forests. Drilling in the Acre Basin of western Brazil in 2023 recovered an 860 m drill core characterized by sediments that were deposited in a large paleo-river system. The overall sequence includes sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones that underwent varied degrees of weathering and pedogenesis. Here, we describe the ongoing geochronologic, geochemical, mineralogical, geophysical, and biotic analyses of the sedimentary record and present some preliminary inferences of the environmental history based on these initial results.

Except for the uppermost ∼ 12 m, sediments from the drill core represent a single lithostratigraphic unit, assigned to the Solimões Formation, which is dominated by feldspar-rich sands of Andean origin. The pollen assemblage is quite different from Early to Middle Miocene floras that have been analyzed from a few sites elsewhere in the western Amazon. The novel pollen assemblage and new geochronological results suggest that the sequence may span the latest Miocene and all of the Pliocene Epoch, an interval that currently is not well represented in existing regional records and that is crucial for understanding the evolution of Amazonian biodiversity, as well as landscape transformations driven by Andean uplift and global climate change.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-35-127-2026 eISSN: 1816-3459 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:os136991 2026-06-26 os
Kim, Dongmin Ross, Andrew C. Shin, Sang-Ik Gomez, Fabian A. John, Jasmin G. Volkov, Denis L. Lee, Sang-Ki Alexander, Michael A. Stock, Charles A. We used a high-resolution (1/12°) Modular Ocean Model version 6 implementation for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (MOM6-NWA12) to dynamically downscale Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM4.1) projections for the 21st century. Simulations were conducted under four different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 emission scenarios. MOM6-NWA12 accurately simulates the spatial patterns of sea surface temperature, salinity, and dynamic sea surface height (SSH) during the historical period. In particular, the Gulf Stream's strength, position, recirculation, and separation from the US East Coast are significantly improved in MOM6-NWA12 compared to the coarse-resolution GFDL-ESM4.1. Projected end-of-century warming varied strongly between scenarios, from ∼4 °C under prior “worst case” emissions scenarios (SSP-585), 2∼3 °C under intermediate scenarios (SSP-245, SSP-370) more consistent with current trajectories, to ∼1 °C under aggressive mitigation (SSP-126). Consistent with a significant weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation projected by GFDL-ESM4.1, MOM6-NWA12 shows a substantial volume transport reduction in the Western Boundary Current (WBC) system (i.e., Yucatan Current, Florida Current, Antilles Current, and the Deep Western Boundary Current) toward the late 21st century (between 23 % and 38 %, varying by scenario). This projected weakening of the WBC system and the associated reduction in the coastal upwelling of cold, fresh subsurface waters lead to a significant increase in ocean temperature, salinity, and dynamic SSH along the US southeast and northeast Coasts, particularly in the South Atlantic Bight.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-1987-2026 eISSN: 1812-0792 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:os137340 2026-06-26 os
Bauchot, Perrine Koch-Larrouy, Ariane Tchilibou, Michel Carrère, Loren Hernandez, Fabrice Morvan, Guillaume Chanut, Jérôme The incoherent fraction of internal tides, generated through interactions with mesoscale eddies and other transient oceanic features, remains poorly understood and challenging to predict. This limits our ability to accurately represent energy transfers and mixing induced by these waves. The Vitória–Trindade Ridge off the Brazilian shelf is a relevant natural laboratory to investigate these processes, as a hotspot for internal tides generation embedded in a region of intense mesoscale activity. To assess how seasonal stratification and mesoscale variability modulate internal tides, we compared a 27-year satellite altimetry record with a high-resolution (1/36°) regional simulation using NEMO v4.0.2. This joint analysis allows us to characterize the generation, propagation, and dissipation of internal tides under two contrasted regimes: austral winter (defined here from May to October) marked by a deep pycnocline, and austral summer (defined here from November to April) with a shallower and sharper seasonal pycnocline. Both model and observations depict six intense, in-phase beams of the baroclinic flux propagating southward from the ridge. The first two have a wavelength of 100 km approximately corresponding to the mode-1 of propagation, while more distant beams are spaced by about 50 km only, which likely corresponds to the mode-2 of propagation. Quantification from the model shows that generation rates are 5 %–15 % higher in summer than in winter. Dissipation occurs predominantly near the ridge (45 %) but also extends offshore (40 %), reaching beyond 2–3 mode-1 wavelengths. In the open ocean, dissipation is up to 40 % stronger in winter, leading to a weaker baroclinic flux propagating on shorter distances compared to summer. Altimetry confirms seasonal variations in both wavelength and amplitude, especially for mode-2 internal tides. Finally, a representative case of interaction between internal tides and a mesoscale eddy is documented under summer conditions, showing deviation and diffraction of the baroclinic flux. This study demonstrates that mesoscale variability and seasonal stratification jointly modulate the coherence and energy pathways of internal tides. These findings are essential for improving predictions of the incoherent tide and for interpreting high-resolution altimetric observations.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/os-22-2011-2026 eISSN: 1812-0792 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:hess135362 2026-06-26 hess
Li, Min Ou, Ming Yao, Yuhang Yin, Changman Accurate drought prediction is a key challenge in water resource management and agricultural planning. This study proposes a novel drought prediction framework that integrates Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Informer, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to enhance hydrological drought forecasting in the Huaihe River Basin, China. The VMD-Informer-LSTM model decomposes complex non-stationary drought sequences into multi-scale components, effectively extracting long-term trends and short-term fluctuations. Results show that the model outperforms LSTM, Transformer-LSTM, and Informer-LSTM, improving R2, RMSE, MAE, and MAPE by 28.4 %, 46.2 %, 46.5 %, and 50.8 %, respectively, over the baseline LSTM. When the prediction period is 30 d, the VMD-Informer-LSTM achieves the highest prediction accuracy. During the 120–180 d prediction period, the prediction accuracy of all models declines, with drought intensity generally underestimated. Misclassifications are mainly concentrated in the transition zones between humid and semi-humid regions, with higher error frequency in semi-humid areas. Prediction accuracy is highest in the upstream and downstream regions, followed by the Yishuisi River Basin, while the midstream region performs poorly due to human interference. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) further reveal that precipitation and temperature are the dominant meteorological drivers, jointly accounting for nearly half of the model's predictive power. These results confirm that the VMD-Informer-LSTM provides the most accurate predictions among the tested models, offering valuable support for drought risk assessment and water resource management in the Huaihe River Basin and other similar regions.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3925-2026 eISSN: 1607-7938 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essdd140440 2026-06-26 essdd
Zhang, Boen Wortmann, Michel Liu, Yinxue Kratzert, Frederik Moulds, Simon Slater, Louise 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-279 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essd136001 2026-06-26 essd
Hahn, Sebastian Melzer, Thomas Wagner, Wolfgang This article presents the latest version of the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) surface soil moisture (SSM) dataset provided by the Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H SAF) lead by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). This new release brings the operational near real-time (NRT) product up to date with the historical offline data record. For years, the H SAF ASCAT SSM data records have benefited from successive algorithmic improvements while the H SAF ASCAT SSM NRT product has only received minor updates until its discontinuation in July 2025. A new processing chain replaces the previous service and applies the latest soil moisture retrieval algorithm to both data streams, creating a unified offline/NRT dataset and representing a major advancement for the H SAF ASCAT SSM NRT product. The H SAF ASCAT SSM climate data record (CDR) covers the time period 1 January 2007 until 31 December 2024, which is extended offline by an interim climate data record (ICDR) as well as in NRT.

The new release also introduces a high-resolution 6.25 km sampling H SAF ASCAT SSM dataset, alongside the standard 12.5 km sampling SSM dataset. This is achieved by customising the spatial resampling process of the ASCAT Level 1B full-resolution backscatter data. A new key development in the algorithm for ASCAT SSM concerns the estimation of the dry and wet backscatter references. Specifically, a moving-window approach is now applied to mitigate artificial trends caused by long-term land cover changes. Furthermore, a new monthly subsurface scattering flag has been added to filter out unreliable SSM measurements where backscatter and soil moisture indicate an inverted relationship.

Quality control of the H SAF ASCAT SSM datasets is performed by using soil moisture estimates from Noah GLDAS-2.1 and the ESA CCI Passive Soil Moisture (SM) v09.1 product, as well as in-situ observations provided by the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). The validation results show that both H SAF ASCAT SSM datasets have a comparable performance in terms of the Pearson correlation coefficient (H SAF ASCAT SSM 6.25 km vs ESA CCI Passive SM: 17.9 % > 0.75 and 57.8 % > 0.5; H SAF ASCAT SSM 12.5 km vs ESA CCI Passiv SM: 19.6 % > 0.75 and 59.2 % > 0.5) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) derived using triple collocation analysis (H SAF ASCAT SSM 6.25 km SNR: 56.0 % > 0 dB, 35.6 % > 3 dB, H SAF ASCAT SSM 12.5 km SNR: 58.1 % > 0 dB, 38.6 % > 3 dB). The best agreement can be found in regions with strong seasonal variability, including monsoonal, savanna, Mediterranean, and tropical wet-and-dry zones. A weaker consistency can be found in areas characterised by limited soil moisture variability (such as deserts), dense vegetation, pronounced topographic complexity, wetland areas, or higher latitudes (> 60∘ N) experiencing longer periods of frozen soil and snow cover.

The H SAF ASCAT SSM CDR and ICDR datasets (6.25 km sampling: https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_H_0012, H SAF, 2025c, and 12.5 km sampling: https://doi.org/10.15770/EUM_SAF_H_0011, H SAF, 2025a) are publicly available online (H SAF, 2025a, c, d, e), while H SAF ASCAT SSM NRT datasets (H SAF, 2025b, f) are distributed via the broadcasting system EUMETCast.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4393-2026 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essd134745 2026-06-26 essd
Gloeckner, Helene Marie Mieslinger, Theresa Robbins-Blanch, Nina George, Geet Kluft, Lukas Kölling, Tobias Bony, Sandrine Windmiller, Julia Miriam Stevens, Bjorn As part of the ORCESTRA field campaign in August and September 2024, 1191 dropsondes were deployed over the Eastern and Western Atlantic ITCZ from the HALO aircraft coordinated by the PERCUSION and MAESTRO subcampaigns. Here, we describe the hierarchy and processing of the resulting Barbados and Eastern Atlantic Combined High-altitude (BEACH) dropsonde datasets. The Level 0 dataset contains measured meteorological variables, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature (T), pressure (p), eastward (u), and northward (v) wind data as output by the AVAPS system. The corresponding ASPEN quality-controlled data is called Level 1. Level 2 adds further measurement-specific quality control flags. Level 3 builds the core of BEACH including all quality controlled dropsonde profiles interpolated to a common 10 m altitude grid and concatenated into a single dataset. We further derive mesoscale vorticity, divergence, and vertical velocities from 87 circular flight patterns in Level 4 using the regression method. These area-averaged variables will guide our understanding of mesoscale processes acting within the ITCZ, one of the main goals of ORCESTRA. All data levels are openly available on IPFS, while the processing code is made public on GitHub.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4425-2026 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essd134172 2026-06-26 essd
Coxon, Gemma Zheng, Yanchen Barbedo, Rafael Cooper, Hollie Fileni, Felipe Fowler, Hayley J. Fry, Matt Green, Amy Gribbin, Tom Harfoot, Helen Lewis, Elizabeth Neto, Germano Gondim Ribeiro Qiu, Xiaobin Salwey, Saskia Wendt, Doris E. Large-sample hydrological datasets containing data for tens to thousands of catchments are invaluable for hydrological process understanding and modelling. CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies) datasets provide hydro-meteorological timeseries, catchment attributes and catchment boundaries. Here, we present the second version of CAMELS-GB. CAMELS-GB v2 collates millions of observations from across Great Britain at hourly to monthly timescales, including quality-controlled daily river flows, catchment boundaries, and catchment characteristics from the UK National River Flow Archive. The new features include (1) extended daily hydro-meteorological timeseries from 1970–2022 including meteorological timeseries from new observed climate datasets, (2) hourly precipitation, river flow and level timeseries, (3) groundwater level timeseries and attributes for 55 groundwater wells, and (4) new catchment attributes characterising changing land cover, peak flows and human influences. These data are provided for 671 catchments across Great Britain spanning a diverse range of geophysical characteristics and human influences. CAMELS-GB v2 represents a step change for environmental and modelling analyses across Great Britain, particularly for the characterisation of sub-daily hydrological processes, and is made available as an open dataset (Coxon et al., 2025; https://doi.org/10.5285/9a46d428-958f-4ac1-86eb-94eee70c0955).

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4345-2026 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essd132763 2026-06-26 essd
Liu, Yin Diao, Chunyuan As key components of agricultural management, planting and harvesting schedules have strongly influenced crop production by defining the length of the crop growing season and shaping the environmental conditions crops experience. Accurate knowledge of these management data is crucial for enhancing crop yield estimates by capturing the timing of crop development relative to weather and soil conditions, assessing climate adaptation by tracking shifts in farming practices over time, and supporting agricultural carbon accounting. Yet, existing planting and harvesting date datasets are largely based on state-level statistics or rule-based calendars that overlook intra-regional variability and the influence of human decision-making. The absence of long-term, high-resolution planting and harvesting date information hinders our ability to reconstruct historical agricultural practices and assess their agronomic and environmental consequences. In this study, we introduce CropPlantHarvest, the first dataset of annual corn and soybean planting and harvesting dates across the U.S. Midwest at 500 m resolution from 2001 to 2024. Planting dates are estimated using CropSow, an integrative remotely sensed crop modeling system that aligns simulated crop growth trajectories with satellite observations to retrieve field-level planting dates. Harvesting dates are retrieved using the Normalized Harvest Phenology Index (NHPI), a novel index that integrates Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance to detect harvesting events by capturing the distinct spectral transition from senescent crops to exposed crop residues. Validation against USDA crop progress reports and field-level dataset demonstrates high accuracy of CropPlantHarvest, with a mean absolute error of approximately 5 d for both crop species. This large spatial and temporal dataset captures management-driven variability in crop season timing and duration, supporting improved modeling of crop yields, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource use. It could also serve as a benchmark for refining remote-sensing phenology products and evaluating the agro-environmental impacts of evolving crop management decisions. CropPlantHarvest is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16967482 (Liu and Diao, 2025).

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4373-2026 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:esd129877 2026-06-26 esd
Tiengou, Pierre Ducharne, Agnès Cheruy, Frédérique This study presents regional simulations over the Iberian Peninsula between 2010 and 2022 with the atmospheric (ICOLMDZ) and land surface (ORCHIDEE) components of the IPSL climate model in a new limited area model configuration (25 km resolution). It uses a recently developed river routing and irrigation scheme based on a water-conservative supply-and-demand approach. Two simulations, with and without irrigation, are compared to isolate the impacts of simulated irrigation on land-atmosphere interactions and the water cycle. First, an evaluation of the simulations is conducted to characterize existing model biases in river discharge, precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and surface soil moisture (SSM), and assess whether they can be improved by simulating irrigation. The simulated irrigation is too low in southern Spain because of a lack of available water in the reservoirs, and likely because of the absence of representation of river dams. In northern regions such as the Ebro Valley, the simulated irrigation is more realistic and reduces the biases of river discharge and ET in summer and autumn. In general, SSM is not strongly impacted by irrigation as most additional water is evaporated. Second, atmospheric changes induced by irrigation are studied in summer (JJA). Large atmospheric responses are found over intensely irrigated areas, mainly consisting of a shift in energy partitioning between the turbulent fluxes (increase in latent heat flux and decrease in sensible heat flux, up to 50 W m−2), and a lowering of the atmospheric boundary layer (−100 m) and of the lifting condensation level (−250 m). Increases in precipitation are statistically significant only over the mountainous areas surrounding the Ebro Valley, and are closely linked to increases in convective available potential energy. Finally, atmospheric moisture recycling over the Iberian Peninsula is identified by showing that the increase in ET in the presence of irrigation exceeds the amount of water added by irrigation. This is made possible by an increase in precipitation over land, although most of this increase is located in lightly irrigated areas rather than in intensively irrigated areas. These results point to remote atmospheric effects of irrigation and motivate further investigation into land-atmosphere coupling processes in the presence of irrigation in the IPSL model.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-17-843-2026 eISSN: 2190-4987 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:gmd135507 2026-06-26 gmd
Yu, Dakuan Dommenget, Dietmar Pohlmann, Holger Müller, Wolfgang A. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a dominant mode of interannual climate variability, yet accurately simulating ENSO in climate models remains a major challenge due to its complex coupled dynamics. In this study, we present a linear optimization framework and systematically adjust atmospheric parameters to improve ENSO fidelity in the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic eXtended Predictions and Projections (ICON XPP) Earth System Model of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology. The optimization approach is based on the superposition of parameter sensitivities and a Nelder–Mead algorithm that reduces the ENSO cost function. The cost function accounts for ENSO-related tropical climatology, variability, and feedbacks, which are estimated with the ENSO metric package. We first assess the sensitivity of ENSO metrics to 21 atmospheric parameters in atmosphere-only simulations. The optimization approach reduces the ENSO cost function by 30 % in the optimized atmosphere-only runs. Key improvements include reduced precipitation bias and strengthened atmospheric feedbacks such as the Bjerknes and thermal damping feedbacks. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in improving ENSO metrics within the atmosphere-only configuration. Six parameters identified as most impactful from atmosphere-only tuning experiments are subsequently tuned in fully coupled simulations. The optimized fully coupled run yields moderate improvements in ENSO amplitude, cold tongue SST bias, seasonal phase-locking, ocean-atmosphere coupling and teleconnection patterns. However, isolated ENSO tuning introduces unrealistic global warming, which is further corrected by adjusting turbulence-related parameters without degrading ENSO skill. These results demonstrate that systematic ENSO tuning can yield performance gains but must be balanced with broader climate stability constraints. Our method offers a scalable, physically grounded optimization strategy, with strong potential for tuning ENSO in climate model configurations.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5531-2026 eISSN: 1991-9603 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:amt139184 2026-06-26 amt
Cliff, Samuel J. Giordano, Michael R. McNamara Byrne, Haley Weber, Robert J. Hebert, Jude Z. Huang, Kyle Goldstein, Allen H. Apte, Joshua S. Mobile laboratories equipped with research grade instrumentation make it possible to accurately observe fine scale (< 10 m) concentration gradients driven by local emissions, chemistry and meteorology. The flexibility afforded in measurement location makes mobile monitoring well suited to local pollution source characterization and rapid response to natural and anthropogenic situations. However, constructing a platform capable of these measurements requires simultaneous consideration of many engineering challenges and previous examples are rarely documented in enough open detail for replication. Here, we present the design process and engineering decisions behind the UC Berkeley Mobile Air Pollution Laboratory (CalMAPLab). Built into a Ford Transit 250 van, the laboratory delivers extensive chemical speciation of air pollution in the gaseous and particulate phases. We characterize the performance of the electrical system, climate control and instrumentation suite for mobile measurements with over 500 h of test driving. In addition, we introduce an open-source data acquisition system with live geospatial visualization that facilitates emissions plume mapping throughout a neighborhood. Our detailed description and open design of each critical component reduces the barrier to entry for high-performance mobile monitoring in hyperlocal atmospheric research.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4201-2026 eISSN: 1867-8548 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:amt137995 2026-06-26 amt
Zhu, Wubin Xie, Mingjie Dai, Qili Bi, Xiaohui Zhang, Yufen Feng, Yinchang Missing values are ubiquitous in atmospheric monitoring due to instrument drift, calibration cycles, operational interruptions, and other random malfunctions. Such gaps can undermine the reliability of subsequent analyses and introduce systematic biases. Conventional imputation methods, such as geometric mean substitution, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Bayesian principal component analysis (BPCA), and deep learning models often rely primarily on statistical correlations, may require auxiliary inputs, and offer limited physical interpretability. To address this issue, we propose a novel source-receptor-informed Positive Matrix Factorization Reconstruction (PMFr) method that leverages PMF-derived source-receptor relationships, rather than purely statistical interpolation, to impute missing PM2.5 speciation data without requiring auxiliary data. Benchmarking on a two-month dataset against commonly used imputation techniques, including KNN, BPCA, and a deep learning predictive model, demonstrates that PMFr achieves superior accuracy and robustness across real-world missing scenarios, with a mean coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.81, index of agreement (IoA) of 0.92, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 22.8 %, reducing MAPE by 25.5 %–29.1 %, particularly for key PM2.5 species. Further PMF-based validation shows that PMFr better preserves source-profile composition and source-contribution temporal features, indicating that the completed dataset retains more physically meaningful source information and is more suitable for source apportionment. These results highlight PMFr as a robust and physically interpretable approach for reconstructing reliable PM2.5 speciation data.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-19-4219-2026 eISSN: 1867-8548 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:acp135920 2026-06-26 acp
Chen, Chengqing Wang, Yang Li, Jiming Feng, Lu Chai, Tianrong Ji, Zhao Wang, Jian Wang, Yuan Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for cloud and precipitation modulation, yet their spatiotemporal variability and sources sampled from urban dryland regions remain poorly understood. While natural dust is recognized as a substantial source of INPs, its interaction and quantity with anthropogenic pollutants, as well as INP abundance of the mixtures, remain insufficiently quantified. Here, we present online observations of INPs (−15 to −35 °C), together with co-located aerosol size distribution and chemical composition in Lanzhou from winter 2024 to spring 2025. We show that long-range dust transport boosts INP concentrations by a factor of 15 at −30 °C in an urban region. Elevated secondary inorganic aerosol was observed during winter pollution events and negatively correlated with INP activity (R = −0.71). We further refine an INP parameterization based on aerosol size (1–2.5 µm) and freezing temperature, reproducing 83 % of observations within a factor of 5. These findings underscore the need to include local aerosol heterogeneity and dust-pollution interactions in INP parameterizations for more accurate regional climate simulations.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9017-2026 eISSN: 1680-7324 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:acp132540 2026-06-26 acp
Li, Rui Plaas, Haley E. Zhang, Yifan Chen, Yizhu Zhang, Tianyu Yang, Yi Rathod, Sagar Zhang, Guohua Wang, Xinming Hamilton, Douglas S. Tang, Mingjin Understanding the physicochemical processes that supply atmospheric aerosol iron (Fe) to the ocean is crucial for understanding of global biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic activity contributes significant fluxes of aerosol Fe to the atmosphere, the soluble fraction of which can modulate marine primary productivity upon its deposition to the ocean surface. However, anthropogenic aerosol Fe solubility remains poorly constrained, due in part to a lack of direct measurements spanning a multitude of anthropogenic sources. We measured solubility of aerosol Fe from several distinct anthropogenic combustion processes and fuel types. The median Fe solubility varied widely by source, ranging from 0.03 % for power plant coal fly ash to 55.87 % for biofuel burning; furthermore, residential coal burning aerosol possessed much higher Fe solubility than power plant coal fly ash. Using the new Fe solubilities reported herein, we updated parameters for anthropogenic aerosol Fe within the Community Earth System Model. Anthropogenic combustion is estimated to contribute up to 20 % of the global soluble Fe flux to the ocean in the present day. Furthermore, we identified residential coal burning as a previously neglected but potentially important source with regional flux contributions ranging from < 1 % to 21 %. Our work underscores the need to further refine understanding of aerosol Fe properties from a wide variety of anthropogenic sources by increasing observations in more novel aerosol regimes, with a focus on residential coal burning. This understanding will in turn aid in characterizing the influences of anthropogenic activity on past, present, and future atmospheric nutrient inputs to marine ecosystems.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9037-2026 eISSN: 1680-7324 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:acp129664 2026-06-26 acp
Nimya, Sheena Sunil Rajaveni, Sundara Pandian Sengupta, Saikat Bhattacharya, Sourendra Kumar Ananthavel, Nandhini Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were analysed in rain and vapour samples collected simultaneously from Pune, India, during the 2019 summer monsoon. The δ18O and δD were significantly depleted in four events when the Outgoing Longwave Radiation showed a strong negative anomaly suggesting large-scale convection. The δ18O values of the rain samples are negatively correlated with their d-excess indicating effect of drop evaporation. Isotope exchange between rain and ambient vapour and associated raindrop evaporation in the sub-cloud layer, tracked by Δδ–Δd plot, suggest an equal share of equilibrium exchange and drop evaporation.

We used a one-dimensional Below Cloud Interaction Model (BCIM) to quantify sub-cloud processes affecting raindrop evolution. A Rayleigh ascent assumption in the BCIM simulations yields higher rain isotope values. Using radiosonde-based temperature and humidity profiles and constructing vapour isotope profiles from a combination of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer data and a global circulation model (LMDZ) output, a better agreement is reached between the model and observed values. Sensitivity studies reveal that model values are strongly influenced by vapour isotope profiles, and moderately by drop size, temperature and relative humidity. Raindrop evaporation fraction estimated from the model yields daily-scale values varying from 4 % to 61 % (on average 23 %). This evaporation influences the heat budget and affects the monsoon convection. In addition, our study shows that drop evaporation reduces the rainfall amount considerably, especially in the lower range of precipitation. A precise quantification of raindrop evaporation is required for validation of the models used routinely for monsoon rainfall predictions.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-26-9061-2026 eISSN: 1680-7324 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142663 2026-06-26 egusphere
Dowse, Reg Watson Keating, Shane R. Roughan, Moninya 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3599 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142505 2026-06-26 egusphere
Kurihara, Yuta Miyamoto, Mamoru 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3482 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142462 2026-06-26 egusphere
Ockenfuß, Paul Köcher, Gregor Petit, Isabel Kneifel, Stefan 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3446 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142542 2026-06-26 egusphere
Börner, Reyk Dijkstra, Henk A. 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3507 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142428 2026-06-26 egusphere
Liu, Xiuqiang Wang, Hongxiu Chen, Xi Zhao, Ying Nehemy, Magali F. McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 2H offset between CRAVE and CVD was strongly modulated by gravimetric water content (dry-weight basis), with CVD exhibiting greater hydrogen isotope depletion under low-moisture conditions (< 0.8 g·g-1). For soils, the isotopic divergence between CRAVE and CVD was driven primarily by soil texture, with offsets increasing as clay content and depth increased (r = 0.82–0.94), where CVD-extracted bulk water became depleted progressively in both δ2H and δ18O relative to the mobile-capillary pool captured by SL and CRAVE. The Rayleigh-based framework provides a physically grounded means to reconstruct source-water isotope values from condensate measurements; its potential use for mobile–immobile partitioning should, however, be treated as a future application pending targeted validation. Overall, CRAVE represents a promising ambient-temperature extraction method for tracing water partitioning and source-uptake dynamics within the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3419 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142676 2026-06-26 egusphere
Gru, Guillaume Girard, Jean-François Ackerer, Philippe Lesparre, Nolwenn 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3611 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142422 2026-06-26 egusphere
Cappelli, Francesco Grimaldi, Salvatore Petroselli, Andrea Santinami, Emanuele 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3414 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142565 2026-06-26 egusphere
Jia, Aolin Aasen, Helge Hörtnagl, Lukas Feigenwinter, Iris Ledain, Sélène Lauber, Thomas Kohonen, Kukka-Maaria Tschurr, Flavian Allemann, Lorenz Turco, Fabio Buchmann, Nina 2 exchange (NEE), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) fluxes across six Swiss FluxNet sites (two croplands and four grasslands) between 2016 and 2025. Sentinel-2 time series were used to derive leaf area index and RS-based field management indices (RS-FMIs), detecting mowing events, quantifying defoliation intensity, and identifying crop rotation and bare soil periods. These indicators were combined with meteorological drivers to train XGBoost models for each ecosystem type and target variable separately, and driver contributions were evaluated using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis.

The RS-FMIs effectively captured in situ recorded management events and enabled improved reconstruction of daily flux variability. Model performances were strong for LE (R2 ≈ 0.89–0.90) and NEE (R2 ≈ 0.59–0.71), whereas N2O and CH4 fluxes were reproduced with moderate accuracy (R2 ≈ 0.37–0.55). Models using RS-FMIs performed similarly to those using well-compiled in situ management records, supporting the ability of RS-derived vegetation and management indicators to represent management effects. LE variability was primarily energy-driven and dominated by meteorological conditions, whereas vegetation dynamics and RS-FMIs played stronger roles in shaping NEE, N2O, and CH4 variability. These results demonstrate that RS-FMIs offer new opportunities to reconstruct management information and improve the representation of management effects in agroecosystem flux modeling.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3522 eISSN: eng

oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142686 2026-06-26 egusphere
Heddell, Saffron Genise Chipperfield, Martyn P. Mann, Graham W. Dhomse, Sandip S. Feng, Wuhu Zhou, Xin Yoshioka, Masaru Jones, Anthony 2O) into the stratosphere causing an enhancement not observed previously within the satellite era, with extensive and ongoing effects. From global chemical transport model simulations, we further assess the high-latitude H2O enhancement caused by the eruption, and how it influenced the 2023 Antarctic ozone depletion across two vortex regimes: the cold core and the less cold, and more insolated vortex edge region. Our simulations show the H2O chemical impacts arose mainly from the H2O enhancement promoting earlier formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), which in turn enhanced chlorine activation and subsequent ozone loss. We also show ice PSC dehydration in the vortex core limited Hunga’s chemical effects to occur for only the first 25 % of the vortex season; consequently, the edge region experienced the largest chemical impact to ozone depletion in 2023. Overall, the H2O enhancement increased Antarctic ozone hole area by 7 % but remaining within the historical variability over the past two decades. Sensitivity simulations including the Hunga sulfate aerosol show H2O-driven heterogeneous chlorine activation on additional PSCs, dominated the chemical impacts of Hunga on polar ozone, with only minor impact from activation on volcanic sulfate aerosol. Our results highlight that while water-rich large volcanic eruptions can worsen polar ozone depletion, the magnitude of the impact is strongly influenced by stratospheric temperatures through dehydration. This suggests that less cold vortex environments, e.g. the Arctic, may experience larger relative changes in chlorine activation under similar conditions.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3619 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142699 2026-06-26 egusphere
Rosquete-Estevez, Aleida Crespin, Júlia Yubero, Luis Mancho, Ana María Umbert, Marta 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3629 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142610 2026-06-26 egusphere
Helliesen, Karen E. Sheng, Bosi Bollasina, Massimo A. 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3557 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142378 2026-06-26 egusphere
Pajak, Katarzyna Idzikowska, Magdalena Kowalczyk, Kamil 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3383 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142635 2026-06-26 egusphere
Tian, Jinglong Zeng, Xiankui Pan, Yue Wang, Dong Wu, Jichun 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3578 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142746 2026-06-26 egusphere
Keane, Ben Blei, Emanuel Gibson-Poole, Simon Ineson, Phil Morison, James I. L. Perks, Mike Vanguelova, Elena Wilkinson, Matt Williams, Mat Xenakis, Georgios Yamulki, Sirwan Toet, Sylvia

Typically, planted forests in the wetter UK uplands contain a network of ditches and ridge-with-furrows resulting in a complex mosaic of microtopographical features. Measuring GHG exchange from such a complex landscape is challenging; methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes can vary greatly in both space and time, and ditches have been highlighted as potentially important GHG sources although they are challenging to measure.

We used a combination of flux measurement techniques to quantify GHG fluxes and identify the drivers from the key microtopographies (ridges, hollows, ditches) within an upland forest in northern England immediately after clear felling. We deployed manual flux chambers, a SkyLine2D automated chamber system and two eddy covariance towers to measure carbon dioxide (CO2), CH4, and N2O for an intensive campaign of five weeks. We used remote sensing to estimate the proportions of microtopographies and upscaled fluxes from the chamber to the forest block scale. We investigated the contribution of brash to the GHG emissions of harvest through a litter addition experiment.

Cumulative flux estimates based on the different techniques and the GHGs measured varied considerably. We found that CO2 fluxes did not differ between microtopographies but the needle litter in harvesting residues increased CO2 emissions by ca. 33 %. Soil moisture was an important driver of both CH4 and N2O fluxes. Ditches were the largest source of CH4 fluxes, followed by hollows and then ridges. The opposite pattern was seen for N2O fluxes, which were greatest from ridges and other drier areas within the landscape. Following heavy rainfall, emissions of all GHGs increased rapidly over the next 24 hours.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3659 eISSN: eng

oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141010 2026-06-26 egusphere
Fournier, Paul Blanc, Antoine Blanchet, Juliette Lafaysse, Matthieu 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2497 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere140927 2026-06-26 egusphere
Lippmann, Tan J. R. Huissteden, Jacobus K. Velde, Ype Boon, Veronique E. N. Berg, Merit

Model behaviour and sensitivity were evaluated at two contrasting peatland sites in the Netherlands: a restored fen marshland (the Weerribben site) and a drained peat pasture (the Assendelft site) where model performance was evaluated against in situ flux measurements. Using ensembles of targeted perturbation experiments, we quantified sensitivity to internal parameters and environmental drivers and identified the processes and parameters that most strongly control variability in simulated CO2 and CH4 fluxes across contrasting peatland types. Beyond presenting new developments, this study provides a complete and consolidated sensitivity assessment of all processes and modules, not only newly implemented processes. The comprehensive evaluation provides a clear reference for future model developments, parametrisation and application to new sites.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2450 eISSN: eng

oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142228 2026-06-26 egusphere
Luo, Feifei Joshi, Manoj Samset, Bjørn H. Wilcox, Laura J. Stjern, Camilla W. Allen, Robert J. Kuo, Yan-Ning Hua, Wei Li, Shuanglin 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3301 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142207 2026-06-26 egusphere
Singh, Brij Górszczyk, Andrzej Malinowski, Michał Karinen, Tuomo 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3292 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141815 2026-06-26 egusphere
Lassus, Guillaume Beaufort, Luc Couapel, Martine Mendels, David Emiliania huxleyi, dominated carbonate stocks through their numerical abundance, whereas more heavily calcified taxa contributed disproportionately relative to their cell densities. Despite structuring assemblages in the lower euphotic zone, deep-dwelling taxa represented only a minor fraction of suspended carbonate stocks in the water column, contrasting with their major contribution to sedimentary assemblages in oligotrophic regions. First-order CaCO₃ production estimates followed spatial patterns similar to standing stocks, with enhanced production in mesotrophic regions and a sustained contribution from oligotrophic communities. Although uncertainties remain related to species-specific growth rates, these estimates provide the first multispecific constraints on coccolithophore calcification dynamics in the southeastern Pacific. Overall, this study demonstrates that combining automated coccosphere recognition with BCP-based carbonate measurements provides a robust framework for resolving species-level carbonate inventories across major oceanic trophic gradients and represents an important step toward quantitative assessments of coccolithophore contributions to pelagic carbonate cycling at basin scale.]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3055 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141596 2026-06-26 egusphere
Nubwimana, Rachel Brandt, Martin Ciais, Philippe Mugabowindekwe, Maurice Li, Sizhuo Davies, Andrew Gominski, Dimitri Fensholt, Rasmus Saatchi, Sassan Gieseke, Fabian 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2924 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141673 2026-06-26 egusphere
Liu, Chongjian Yin, Jinfang Wei, Xiaomin Sun, Xiaogong Zhu, Guofu 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2981 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141734 2026-06-26 egusphere
Zhao, Pan Chen, Jingyi Yang, Yang Jia, Yue Yu, Yang 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3025 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere140149 2026-06-26 egusphere
Jeong, Jong-Hoon Kim, Seung Hee Oh, Su-Bin Lee, Jeong-Eun Tasi, Chia-Lun Lee, Gyuwon 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1878 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:bg138650 2026-06-26 bg
Jagtap, Ashok S. Singh, Archana Jain, Anand Raj, Nandini Tiwari, Manish Accelerated Arctic warming is promoting the expansion of coastal macroalgal habitats; yet their influence on pelagic organic carbon cycling remains unresolved. This study investigates the influence of macroalgal beds on the biochemical composition of surface particulate organic matter (POM) in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, during late summer 2023. Surface waters were sampled at four macroalgal-dominated sites (MDS) and from adjacent waters (Adj-W) located 500 and 1500 m away. A multi-proxy approach integrating elemental composition, stable isotopes, biopolymeric fractions, monosaccharides, and amino acids was used to trace macroalgal contributions and their lateral redistribution. Concentrations of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and proteins were consistently higher at MDS than in Adj-W, indicating localized enrichment of biochemically labile organic matter within macroalgal habitats. Molecular analyses further revealed elevated concentrations of macroalgal-associated sugars (glucose, galactose, fucose, mannuronic acid) and labile amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly, Ser, Ala) reinforcing macroalgal-derived contributions to surface POM. While δ13CPOC showed minimal spatial variation (−26.8 ‰ to −29.1 ‰), the biochemical and molecular signatures indicated a decreasing macroalgal contribution towards Adj-W, along with internal reorganization, suggesting lateral transport of macroalgal-derived POM with selective early-stage transformation. Overall, these findings indicate that Arctic macroalgal beds act as dynamic coastal biogeochemical hotspots, redistributing and transforming organic carbon beyond their habitat.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4227-2026 eISSN: 1726-4189 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:bg129898 2026-06-26 bg
Moldovan, Oana Teodora Theodorescu, Crin-Triandafil Levei, Erika Andrea Cadar, Oana This study examines the microbial and geochemical environment surrounding mirabilite (sodium sulfate decahydrate) deposits in Izvorul Tăușoarelor Cave, located in the Romanian Carpathians. Using a metabarcoding approach, we analysed mirabilite, sediments, dipluran insects, drip water, and moonmilk deposits to investigate the microbial communities and elemental profiles linked to mirabilite formation. Elemental analysis revealed a geochemical signature in mirabilite samples that was dominated by sodium, sulfur, and calcium. Microbial profiling revealed a unique pattern: sulfur-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfobacterota, were absent from mirabilite samples, whereas Pseudomonas dominated, suggesting an alternative sulfur cycling pathway that may involve sulfide biooxidation. The presence of ammonia-oxidising archaea (Ca. Nitrocosmicus) exclusively in the mirabilite area, and of bacteria (Nitrococcus), indicates a possible influence from a small bat colony, which contributes minimal ammonia that may support the microbial equilibrium required for mirabilite growth. Actinomycetota, abundant in mirabilite, may facilitate mineral crystallisation through mycelium-like structures. We propose the term “microbiocosm” to describe the interconnected network of biotic and abiotic elements surrounding the mirabilite environment and present a novel framework for investigating microbial contributions to its formation.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4213-2026 eISSN: 1726-4189 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:bg137527 2026-06-25 bg
Cao, Yifei Fa, Wenlong Lei, Yanli Benthic foraminifera are extensively used as bioindicators for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis provides a powerful lens to uncover their community diversity and environmental responses. Foraminifera are commonly used to assess salinity changes in estuary settings, but quantitative experimental studies of their responses to salinity gradients are scarce. Here, sediments from the intertidal zone of Qingdao Bay were subjected to a 10-week controlled culture across 13 salinity levels (0–60 Practical Salinity Units, PSU), and community dynamics were analysed using both morphological and eDNA approaches. Foraminifera exhibited broad salinity tolerance (0–60 PSU). Analyses of both morphological and molecular datasets revealed a significant increase in community diversity with salinity (p<0.05), accompanied by a marked decrease in the relative abundance of calcified Rotaliida (p<0.01). The inverse relationship for Rotaliida was quantitatively robust and well-described by a linear regression model. The eDNA analysis revealed that soft-bodied Monothalamiids, often overlooked morphologically, reached up to 76.2 % relative abundance (average 56.1 %). In contrast, the salinity-driven increase in high-Mg calcite-shelled Milioliida was observed only through morphological analysis. These results demonstrate the distinct but complementary nature of morphological and molecular methods. This study addresses the scarcity of experimental constraints on salinity responses, offering a calibrated reference for applying foraminifera in both ecological assessment and paleo-reconstruction in marginal marine environments.

]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4187-2026 eISSN: 1726-4189 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:bg139162 2026-06-25 bg
Lukashanets, Dzmitry Zawierucha, Krzysztof Petkuvienė, Jolita Overlingė, Donata Vaičiūtė, Diana Kalvaitienė, Greta Kataržytė, Marija The cryosphere encompasses a wide range of habitats that support cold-adapted communities. Seasonal snow patches (SSPs) in lowlands are underexplored cryohabitats, characterised by a short persistence period (late winter–early spring) and the presence of trees around, in contrast to large vegetation-free high-mountain and polar ecosystems. To provide the first assessment of organisms from SSPs, we focused on invertebrate diversity and densities from 40 sites in the Baltic States in relation to physicochemical parameters (i.e., suspended solids, chlorophyll a, nutrients), microalgae, and surrounding landscape features (i.e., tree canopy cover). SSPs appeared to be an important spot for bdelloid rotifers (Bdelloidea), tardigrades (Tardigrada), and nematodes (Nematoda), which together accounted for 60 %–100 % of all invertebrates, reaching densities >7000 ind m−2. Acari and Insecta were less abundant, whereas other invertebrates occurred only sporadically. The community was strongly determined by surroundings (trees), which supply snow ecosystems with organic and inorganic matter. Chlorophyll a, particulate phosphorus, total suspended solids and organic debris were strongest predictors of invertebrate distribution. The canopy cover also influenced invertebrate communities, highlighting the importance of the organic deposition from trees and also suggesting that trees may be a source of microscopic invertebrates to the snow. Results demonstrate the importance of SSPs as overlooked ephemeral habitats and can be used as a baseline for future changes in snow communities in temperate regions.

]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4199-2026 eISSN: 1726-4189 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere139159 2026-06-25 egusphere
Woldhuis, Thymen Engberg, Zebediah Rohs, Susanne Meijer, Vincent 2 value of 0.49 with the logarithm of contrail age. The observed horizontal growth during the jet and vortex phases is consistent with previous observations and contrail model results. Although the limited lifetimes of the annotated contrails prevent robust statistical conclusions for the dispersion phase, three example cases show horizontal growth rates consistent with simulations by CoCiP and that of observations in literature. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of high-resolution LEO satellites to create observational datasets for evaluating and improving models of contrail formation and early evolution.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1171 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142538 2026-06-25 egusphere
Meng, Xin Mahaffey, Claire Wihsgott, Juliane Sharples, Jonathan -2 d-1). Episodic wind events enhance DO supply from the SCM, helping to offset some of the DO consumption in the bottom water. Benthic oxygen demand and horizontal transports make minor contributions to the DO budget. A +2 °C “business as usual” climate warming will reduce oxygen solubility and lead to a 12 mmol m-3 drop in DO concentration in the bottom water over the summer stratified period. However, we find that increased microbial metabolic rates in the warmer bottom water are more important for changes in bottom water DO concentrations, potentially driving a decrease in DO concentration of about 35 – 66 mmol m-3. Combined, these effects will lead to increased oxygen deficiency in the central and northern Celtic Sea. Our results demonstrate the importance of metabolic responses to a warmer ocean, but also the need to better understand changes in winds and wind-driven mixing across the seasonal thermocline.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3505 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142536 2026-06-25 egusphere
Li, Pei Xue, Yong Dionisi, Davide Li, Huihui Wu, Shuhui Jiang, Xingxing He, Botao Wang, Peng Han, Liying 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3503 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142512 2026-06-25 egusphere
Chen, Guanghui Rapp, Insa Sieber, Matthias Achterberg, Eric P. Conway, Tim J. Gledhill, Martha Hopwood, Mark J. Xie, Ruifang C. 56dFe and δ56pFe) from two transects at 12° S and 14° S across the Peruvian shelf. Our data show clear shelf-to-slope dFe and pFe plumes with negative δ56Fe signatures. Maximum Fe concentrations at 12° S decreased from 13 to 4 nmol kg−1 (dFe) and 122 to 13 nmol kg−1 (pFe) over a month across an El Niño event termination. We link these variations to an intensifying Peru-Chile Undercurrent which enhanced oxygen supply and thereby weakened sedimentary reductive Fe effluxes. Off shelf, elevated δ56dFe and low δ56pFe in anoxic waters are attributed to organic ligand binding and authigenic Fe formation.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3486 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142447 2026-06-25 egusphere
Papapetros, Paola Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K. Gwyther, David E. Boeira Dias, Fabio Cook, Sue Zhao, Chen 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3435 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142503 2026-06-25 egusphere
Wilmouth, David Hare, Jennifer Howar, Laila Salawitch, Ross Hintsa, Eric Smith, Jessica Sayres, David Anderson, James Clair, Jason Delaria, Erin Hannun, Reem Hanisco, Thomas Czizco, Daniel Shen, Xiaoli Homeyer, Cameron Santee, Michelle Bui, T. Paul Newman, Paul Keutsch, Frank Bowman, Kenneth 2). Data were obtained over North America during the NASA Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) mission. The vertical distributions of ClO and ClONO2 from all 29 research flights of the 2-year mission are found to be relatively compact and lacking substantial outliers. The peak mixing ratios are approximately 30 ppt and 400 ppt for ClO and ClONO2, respectively. No chlorine activation was observed in the lower stratosphere in the presence of low temperatures and elevated water vapor from convective injection. Steady-state calculated ClONO2 is found to be in good agreement with measured values, suggesting that a reduction in the uncertainty of the recommended rate coefficient for ClONO2 production is possible. HCl is calculated at high time resolution throughout the mission using satellite data, and the resulting evaluation of the inorganic chlorine budget shows excellent agreement, with the ratio of ClO + ClONO2 + HCl to total inorganic chlorine equal to 0.95 for mixing ratios greater than 500 ppt. No evidence of inorganic chlorine activation was observed during DCOTSS when aerosol organic mass fraction and biomass burning fraction were elevated.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3480 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142489 2026-06-25 egusphere
McGowan, Hamish Abir, Shai Lensky, Nadav Shaked, Yonathan 2 exchange over desert fringing coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) (GoE), northern Red Sea, show these ecosystems are net sinks of atmospheric CO2. This result contrasts with marine productivity models and bulk formula calculations based on water chemistry that are often used methods to determine the magnitude and direction of the CO2 flux with the atmosphere over coral reefs. These studies have often concluded that coral reefs are net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere with only rare cases finding otherwise. Our EC measurements find coral reefs in the GoE may absorb around 4.5 times more carbon from the atmosphere than other marine and terrestrial ecosystems and only slightly less than some tropical rainforests. This highlights the need for further direct measurements of air-sea CO2 exchanges over coral reefs in different environmental settings so their role in the global carbon cycle can be accurately quantified.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3467 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142466 2026-06-25 egusphere
Minganti, Daniele Chabrillat, Simon Davis, Sean Errera, Quentin beeck, Marc Ray, Eric Vervalcke, Sarah Wargan, Krzysztof Wespes, Catherine 2O) were observed in the northern hemisphere lower stratosphere in the late 2018/2019 boreal winter. Thanks to its long lifetime in the lower stratosphere, N2O is a robust tracer for stratospheric transport. This study investigates the magnitude, vertical structure, and dynamical origin of the late 2018/2019 boreal winter N2O anomaly using multiple chemical transport model simulations, chemical reanalyses, a specified-dynamics chemistry-climate model, and merged satellite observations. All datasets consistently show pronounced N2O positive anomalies in February 2019 in the northern mid-latitudes at 50 hPa. The N2O Transformed Eulerian Mean budget indicates that the N2O anomalies are primarily driven by enhanced meridional residual advection, which is in turn determined by enhanced planetary wave forcing. The extratropical effects of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) determine these transport anomalies: the poleward QBO secondary circulation was unusually strong in the late 2018/2019 boreal winter, and a marked northward displacement of the zero wind line induced the enhanced planetary wave forcing. The combined strengthening of both the northward QBO secondary circulation and the planetary wave forcing led to unusually strong poleward advection in the northern lower stratosphere, which ultimately built up the N2O positive anomalies. These results indicate the value of long-lived stratospheric tracers such as N2O for diagnosing dynamically driven extreme events and for disentangling the contributions of different transport processes. We highlight the importance of the QBO teleconnections, particularly as a warming climate may change the frequency and intensity of extreme events thereby impacting these teleconnections.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3449 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142456 2026-06-25 egusphere
Ribeiro, Bruno Squire, Jayden Kirkland, Chris Farkas, Juraj Loyola, Cecilia Cousins, Victoria Gostin, Victor Verdel, Charles 13 Ω) resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratio, consequently yielding more precise isotopic ratios and isochron ages. Our findings show that in situ Rb–Sr dating of micas formed during impact metamorphism offers the means for determining the timing of meteorite impact events. This approach effectively addresses the textural complexities commonly present in impact-related rocks, which are often overlooked by bulk isotope-dilution techniques, and delivers accuracy sufficient to establish the age of impacts. The effectiveness of in situ Rb–Sr dating of impact-related micas may be attributed to their higher resistance to hydrothermal alteration compared to Ar isotopes, which often yield complex degassing spectra and younger apparent ages such as for the Acraman impact. This study shows that in situ Rb–Sr isotopes of newly grown micas in impact-related rocks refines the chronology of impacts, with potential to increase the number of dated impacts globally with a low-cost, speedy technique with minimum sample preparation. Such task is crucial for understanding the role of meteorite impacts, including their potential influence on environmental crises, mass extinctions, and the emergence of life.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3441 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142441 2026-06-25 egusphere
Kim, Ha-Rim Yoo, Changhyun Seo, Hyodae Kim, Baek-Min 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3431 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142431 2026-06-25 egusphere
Olivé Abelló, Anna Mathiot, Pierre Jourdain, Nicolas C. Kostov, Yavor Holland, Paul R. 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3422 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142419 2026-06-25 egusphere
Međugorac, Iva Metličić, Nikola Šepić, Jadranka Rus, Marko Čupić, Srđan Kristan, Matej Ličer, Matjaž JE, extends this approach through joint encoding of atmospheric predictors and a more extensive processing of past sea-level information, with the aim of improving the representation of processes associated with high-frequency sea-level oscillations. Analysis of more than 20 years of data shows that high-frequency sea-level extremes are larger in Bakar (> 60 cm) than in Ploče (< 35 cm), occur ~6 times per year, and are most common during the warm season. Both architectures reproduce the observed variability, with higher skill for typical than for extreme events. HFNetJE performs best overall and under typical amplitude conditions, whereas HFNet more effectively captures extreme events, although these remain systematically underestimated in both architectures. Model performance is higher at Ploče, likely because of its smaller sea-level range and simpler response to atmospheric forcing. Models forced with ERA5 consistently outperform those using the higher-resolution CERRA in predicting extremes, suggesting limited added value from increased spatial resolution. Ablation experiments indicate that several predictors are redundant for average forecasting performance, whereas extreme-event prediction generally benefits from the full predictor set. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of deep learning for prediction of high-frequency sea-level oscillations in the Adriatic, but also highlight persistent limitations in forecasting rare high-amplitude events.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3411 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere140754 2026-06-25 egusphere
Grusdt, Britta Perrette, Mahé Robinson, Alexander 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2320 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere141362 2026-06-25 egusphere
Graham, Ailish M. Spracklen, Dominick V. McQuaid, James B. Rigby, Richard Nurrahmawati, Hanun Ayona, Devina Salmayenti, Resti Kusin, Kitso Jaya, Adi Smith, Thomas E. L. Alifindira, Annisa Banna Choiruzzad, Shofwan Pope, Richard 2.5 sensors across Central Kalimantan peatlands between August 2023 and October 2025 to quantify how El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulates the magnitude and spatial variability in dry season PM2.5 concentrations. Sensors were installed at urban, rural, and remote locations, spanning El Niño (2023), neutral (2024), and La Niña (2025) dry seasons. During the 2023 El Niño dry season, low rainfall and deep water tables enhanced peatland flammability and supported extensive peat fires. Urban and rural sites exceeded the WHO 24‑hour PM2.5 guideline on 99 % and 97 % of days. A remote site exceeded these guidelines on 85 % and 24 % of days, with fire smoke influence confirmed by low spatial variability and a dual‑peak diurnal cycle across sites, indicating regional pollution rather than local sources. As ENSO conditions shifted to neutral (2024) and La Niña (2025), increased rainfall and shallower water tables reduced fire activity and PM2.5 concentrations. In 2024, WHO guideline exceedances fell to 41 % and 12 % at urban and rural sites. Our results indicate that even across non-El Niño years, dry season PM2.5 is influenced by regional fire emissions, but the magnitude and spatial variability is modulated by ENSO-phase. Our results demonstrate that dense sensor networks can distinguish regional fire smoke from local pollution, enabling early detection of fire‑driven air quality degradation. Reducing peatland fires through restoration and fire management would deliver consistent air quality benefits.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2746 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142283 2026-06-25 egusphere
Gutiérrez-González, Lucía Tabone, Ilaria Robinson, Alexander Álvarez-Solas, Jorge Swierczek-Jereczek, Jan Grusdt, Britta Montoya, Marisa 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3331 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142070 2026-06-25 egusphere
Bagherzadeh, Faramarz Freitag, Johannes Frese, Udo Wilhelms, Frank μm) microstructural analysis of a 130 m long ice core B40 drilled in Austral summer 2012/13 at the German Research station Kohnen on the East Antarctic plateau using artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and pore network modeling. Antarctic ice cores serve as valuable archives of past climate and environmental conditions. They consist of a sequence of compacted layers with varying density, ice and pore space structure, which are shaped differently depending on the climatic and environmental conditions during deposition and subsequent compaction. The in-depth development of microstructural features provides insights into the densification and pore closure processes as well as climate trends during the formation of the firn column.

However, traditional micro-CT imaging techniques applied to full core samples, although effective, often lack the necessary resolution to capture the intricate microstructure of ice samples fully. To address this limitation, we applied AI-driven super-resolution enhancement methods to improve the clarity and detail of micro-CT images, enabling a more precise quantification of ice core properties. Following AI enhancement, the study performed a comprehensive microstructure analysis on the full firn column, including geometrical, morphological, topological, and transport-related properties. The obtained metrics, including mean intercept length (MIL), cluster size, porosity (density), tortuosity, permeability, etc., can characterize the microstructural evolution of the ice column from snow to bubbly ice across different depths. The results reveal a systematic evolution in pore geometry, connectivity, and transport efficiency with depth, capturing the snow-to-ice transition with high fidelity. Fine and coarse layers were distinguished using the K-means clustering method, and anisotropy was detected in both the ice matrix and the pore space. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that densification is influenced by multiple factors; in particular, during the pore close-off stage, variations in coordination number and throat dimensions led to distinct densification behaviors among the samples. These findings could contribute to the improvement of densification and air transport models by providing highly accurate data on the microstructure of ice cores and even enabling the definition of new microstructure-related climate proxy parameters.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3185 eISSN: eng

oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142068 2026-06-25 egusphere
Cavalcante, Geórgenes H. Vieira, Filipe Bento, Rita Bartholomew, Aaron Burt, John A. −1, with episodic peaks approaching 0.8–1.0 m s−1, while at the southern site, flows are weaker, with typical upper-layer velocities of ~0.3 m s−1 and peaks of ~0.5–0.7 m s−1. Tidal forcing dominates the instantaneous flow, explaining up to ~80 % of the along-axis current variance at the northwest site but substantially less in the cross-axis direction and at the southern site, leaving significant subtidal variability. Wind–current coupling is strongest at subtidal timescales, with rapid (0–2 h) responses consistent with local barotropic adjustment to wind forcing. Temperature observations reveal pronounced seasonal variability, with summer surface temperatures exceeding 35 °C and annual excursions of more than 15 °C across the water column. A persistent seasonal thermocline develops during late spring and summer, with vertical temperature differences of 2–4 °C. This stratification is repeatedly disrupted by rapid mixing events lasting 2–3 days, during which the water column becomes nearly homogeneous. Spectral and variance analyses show that stratification variability is dominated by diurnal processes, with additional modulation at synoptic (2–4 day) timescales. The results indicate that tidal mixing alone is insufficient to suppress stratification and that episodic destratification arises from the combined influence of wind forcing and subtidal variability acting on a preconditioned water column. These findings provide the first integrated observational description of circulation and thermal structure at SBN, demonstrating how topographic control, tides, winds, and subtidal variability interact to regulate stratification, vertical exchange and transport processes around an isolated reef system in the central Gulf.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3183 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142025 2026-06-25 egusphere
Yu, Chenjie Antonio, Ludovico DeCarlo, Peter F. Nault, Benjamin A. Velazquez-Garcia, Alejandra Aruffo, Eleonora Carlo, Piero Denjean, Cyrielle Tinorua, Sarah Bourrianne, Thierry Pereira, Diana L. Tu, Kevin Pangui, Edouard Cazaunau, Mathieu Bauville, Astrid Grand, Noël Bergé, Antonin Biagio, Claudia Gratien, Aline Beekmann, Matthias Siour, Guillaume Foret, Gilles D'Anna, Barbara Kammer, Julien Wu, Huihui Cantrell, Christopher Formenti, Paola Michoud, Vincent 1) mass relative to out-plume background levels. Organic aerosol (Org) dominated PM1 mass both near the urban source and downwind. Aircraft observations showed enhanced Org and non-refractory PM1 relative to excess CO (CO above surrounding background) in downwind plumes, indicating net secondary organic aerosol production during aging. Aerosol optical properties evolved concurrently. Downwind plume-average single-scattering albedo (SSA) at 450 and 630 nm was higher than near-source values. Consistently, the complex refractive index shifted from lower real (~1.35–1.40) and higher imaginary (~0.03–0.08) components near source to higher real (~1.45–1.50) and lower imaginary (~0.015–0.02) components downwind. The absorption Ångström exponent also increased, indicating a greater fractional contribution of brown carbon to light absorption. These results demonstrate that urban plume aging alters aerosol composition and optical properties and highlight the need to represent evolving aerosol characteristics in atmospheric models and remote-sensing retrievals.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3147 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142185 2026-06-25 egusphere
Forrest, Matthew Dantas de Paula, Mateus Gomes de Almeida, Filipe Harrison, Sandy P. Prentice, I. Colin Hickler, Thomas R2 of 5-day GPP increased from 0.45 to 0.48 (averaged across 147 sites). The simulated global carbon pools, fluxes, burnt area and biome distributions were not impacted substantially. The improvements were achieved with no alteration to processes except photosynthesis, respiration and plant water uptake, and with no recalibration or tuning. The EEO configuration also reduced model run time and eliminated the need for poorly-constrained PFT-dependent parameters governing the temperature response of photosynthesis. As well as being a tangible improvement to LPJ-GUESS, this study further confirms the usefulness of EEO approaches to improve global vegetation models.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3273 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142027 2026-06-25 egusphere
Xue, Yibo Zhao, Chun Feng, Jiawang Qu, Xin Xia, Zihan Yang, Zining Zhang, Xiaoxiao Yang, Qike Li, Gudongze Zhang, Ziyu Zhang, Jianxi 10 concentrations, and aerosol optical depth. Relative to U50 km, total dust emissions over East Asia increase by 35.24 % in V16 km and 54.98 % in V4 km, as refined meshes resolve localized friction-velocity enhancement and nonlinear saltation-threshold exceedances. By altering emission evolution and its interaction with atmospheric circulation, mesh refinement also affects the spatial distribution of transported dust. The contrast between V16 km and V4 km reveals regional heterogeneity in downwind dust mass loading, with V4 km capturing localized wet-scavenging enhancement not evident in V16 km and reducing dust loading over the Yangtze River Delta by 30.49 % relative to U50 km. This research emphasizes the importance of mesh refinement for representing long-range transported dust storms and provides a basis for future evaluations of multiple dust emission schemes in global variable-resolution models.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3149 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:egusphere142145 2026-06-25 egusphere
Mass, Alexandre Cermak, Jan Knutti, Reto Merrifield, Anna L. Andersen, Hendrik 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3242 eISSN: eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:gmd137795 2026-06-25 gmd
Schubert, Sebastian Anders, Julian Gronemeier, Tobias Maronga, Björn Salim, Mohamed We present palm_csd version 25.10, the current default preprocessing tool for generating the static driver for the building-resolving large-eddy simulation model PALM. The static driver defines the spatial surface characteristics of the simulation domain. This paper provides a technical description of the updated palm_csd workflow, focusing on the processing of buildings, vegetation, pavement, water bodies, terrain height and land cover in compliance with the PALM Input Data Standard (PIDS). Major extensions introduced since the previous description include the processing of georeferenced raster and vector data with automated reprojection, user-defined domain rotation and nesting, enhanced handling of building parameters, optimized generation of resolved vegetation, estimation of leaf area index from vegetation height, and the derivation of static input for non-building-resolving simulations based on Local Climate Zone classifications. We demonstrate the application of palm_csd using publicly available geodata for the city of Berlin (Germany), covering both building-resolving and LCZ-based simulation setups. Common data inconsistencies and sources of uncertainty in urban geodata are discussed. palm_csd 25.10 provides a reproducible, flexible and continuously maintained framework for transforming heterogeneous geospatial datasets into PALM-compatible static drivers to support both detailed urban morphology and coarser-scale urban climate applications.

]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5515-2026 eISSN: 1991-9603 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:gmd137787 2026-06-26 gmd
Zhou, Peng Chou, Jieming Dan, Li Lamarque, Jean-François Bilal, Muhammad Li, Fang Sun, Mengting Buchholz, Rebecca Murray, Desneiges Cao, Zhaoxiang Peng, Jing Li, Kai Yang, Fuqiang Pan, Wei Chen, Jinyan Xing, Liwen Tropospheric ozone remains a critical but uncertain driver of terrestrial productivity loss, and land surface models (LSMs) diverge markedly in how they represent vegetation ozone stress. We conduct a global, mechanistically consistent evaluation of three prominent ozone stress parameterization schemes, Sitch, Lombardozzi, and Li, within the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). Using unified meteorological and ozone forcing from CAM-chem and GSWP3.1, we designed five experiments to isolate the roles of ozone flux threshold selection and response function form. The mixed experiments using thresholds and response functions derived from the Sitch and Lombardozzi schemes were implemented without additional recalibration, allowing structural sensitivities to be evaluated consistently within the Li framework. Model output is benchmarked against MODIS and FLUXNET gross primary production (GPP) across spatial gradients, biomes, and among plant functional types (PFTs). All parameterizations capture the ozone–induced reduction in GPP relative to the ozone-free baseline, but their accuracy varies widely. The Li scheme, featuring PFT-specific thresholds and separate nonlinear responses for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, best agrees with observed GPP patterns across scales. In contrast, the Lombardozzi scheme produces much larger reductions in high-flux regions. Analysis reveals that the structures of ozone response functions and memory-decay mechanisms primarily determine improvements in GPP simulation. Our results support a shift toward ozone parameterizations that couple stomatal flux with canopy phenology, dynamic water constraints, and regionally calibrated thresholds. These findings provide a transferable framework for quantifying ozone–carbon coupling in LSMs and highlight priorities for improving terrestrial biosphere models under atmospheric change.

]]> 2026-06-26 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-5491-2026 eISSN: 1991-9603 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:gh139012 2026-06-25 gh
Delatin Rodrigues, Daniel Calignano, Giuseppe Grasso, Marco This article introduces the deactivation network approach (DNA) to analyse conflicts in fossil fuel infrastructures as relational struggles between practices of continuity/legitimation and practices of destabilisation/disruption. The DNA is applied to Enel's power plants in Civitavecchia (Italy) across two contentious conversion cycles: an oil-to-coal project (2000–2010, realised) and a proposed coal-to-gas project (2018–2023, halted). Using an intentionally asymmetrical design, the study maps only the deactivation network and treats the fossil-support network as a structuring context shaping political opportunity structures. Event-based social network analysis, triangulated with interviews, documentary sources, and digital ethnography, compares changes in network composition, connectivity, and tie intensity across the two periods. Results show that mobilisation and activist cohesion alone did not produce disruption. Deactivation became effective when activists' destabilisation was brokered into institutional and labour arenas, enabling administrative and political interference with infrastructural continuity.

]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-81-347-2026 eISSN: 2194-8798 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essd133360 2026-06-25 essd
Quinn, Patricia K. Bates, Timothy S. Coffman, Derek J. Johnson, James E. Upchurch, Lucia M. Best, Hanna NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) has made measurements of aerosol chemical, microphysical, optical, and cloud nucleating properties onboard research cruises since 1991. The twenty-five cruises have covered all of the world's oceans – the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern. The result is the most comprehensive, publicly available database of aerosol properties in the marine atmosphere to date. The database also contains gas-phase species (O3, SO2), Radon, and dimethylsulfide (DMS), seawater species (DMS, NH4+, NO3-, and chlorophyll a), and meteorological parameters. Details of the cruises (locations, dates, and objectives), parameters measured, instrumentation used, and data availability are provided here. Also included are PMEL's high-level major findings and past usage of the data by others. The goal of this paper is to promote broader awareness of the database to the atmospheric aerosol in situ measurement, satellite, and modelling communities. Data are publicly available at NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) data archive (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/, NOAA, 2025) (see also the list of all data sets in Table 7). Links to the Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for each cruise are provided herein.

]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4317-2026 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essdd139584 2026-06-25 essdd
Johannot, Adèle Recking, Alain Lopez, Arthur Bellot, Hervé Buffet, Alexis Fontaine, Firmin Bardot, Kylian https://doi.org/10.57745/QM4ZOO comprises 115 DEMs, 35 videos for velocities estimates, 81 transported grain size distribution and videos for various input conditions. It offers strong potential for studying morphological processes at micro- to macro-scales and across various timescales, and a fabulous playground for numerical investigations.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-197 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essdd142510 2026-06-25 essdd
Berthon, Jean-François Zibordi, Giuseppe Coastal Atmosphere & Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and the Bio-Optical mapping of Marine optical Properties (BiOMaP) programs were conceived and implemented to assist ocean color applications with field measurements of apparent and inherent optical properties, and concentration of optically significant water constituents. The CoASTS program led to the creation of time-series of bio-optical measurements at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) site the northern Adriatic Sea continued from 1995 up to 2016. The BiOMaP program supported the collection of equivalent bio-optical measurements across European Seas from 2000 up to 2022. This work focusses on CoASTS and BiOMaP hyperspectral absorption coefficients of optically significant constituents as determined applying standardized instruments, community measurement methods, extended quality control schemes and consolidated processing codes. The work, which complements a previous one by Zibordi and Berthon (2024) centred on multi-spectral data, presents the CoASTS and BiOMaP hyperspectral absorption coefficients of pigmented and non-pigmented particles in the 400–750 nm, and of colored dissolved organic matter in the 350–680 nm interval, both with a 3 nm spectral resolution at 2 nm increment.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-463 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng
oai:publications.copernicus.org:essdd142280 2026-06-25 essdd
Beauchard, Olivier Soetaert, Karline https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20555888 and that facilitates data treatment such as trait selection, cross table construction and label handling.]]> 2026-06-25 Text application/pdf https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-444 eISSN: 1866-3516 eng 30720271